• Physicalism/Materialism: Physicalism holds that everything in existence can be reduced to or explained by physical matter and its interactions. According to this view, there is only one kind of substance, which is physical in nature. An example would be the belief that the mind and consciousness are ultimately reducible to the physical processes of the brain.

  • Idealism: Idealism posits that everything in existence is fundamentally mental or spiritual in nature. It suggests that the physical world is ultimately dependent on or derived from consciousness or ideas. Examples of idealism include philosophical schools like subjective idealism, which holds that reality is ultimately constructed by individual minds, and absolute idealism, which asserts that the physical world is a manifestation of a universal consciousness or Absolute.

  • Neutral Monism: Neutral monism asserts that everything in existence is ultimately composed of a neutral or non-mental/non-physical substance. This view rejects the strict dichotomy between mind and matter, instead proposing a fundamental substance that is neither purely mental nor purely physical. One example of neutral monism is the idea that the fundamental building blocks of reality are neutral entities or properties that give rise to both mental and physical phenomena.

  • Panpsychism: Panpsychism suggests that consciousness or mind is a fundamental aspect of all entities or entities possess some degree of consciousness. According to this view, consciousness is not restricted to humans or certain organisms but is pervasive throughout the universe. Panpsychism proposes that consciousness exists at all levels of reality, from subatomic particles to complex organisms. It suggests that the physical and mental are interconnected aspects of a unified whole.

  • Pantheism: Pantheism posits that the universe and divinity are one and the same. It holds that the entirety of existence, including the physical world, is divine or part of a divine entity. According to pantheism, there is no separate supernatural realm; rather, divinity is immanent within the natural world itself. Examples include religious philosophies like certain interpretations of Hinduism and some strands of mystical or nature-centered belief systems.

These examples represent various subtypes of monism, each offering a unique perspective on the fundamental nature of reality and the relationship between mind, matter, and spirituality.